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new United States Government Policy for Oversight of Dual Use Research of Concern and Pathogens with Enhanced Pandemic Potential (2024 OSTP DURC/PEPP Policy), some of the listed experiments in the "dual use research of concern" definition do not match those in the policy, and other articulated in-scope research in the bill including the "gain of function research" term continues to be in conflict with USG policy. These definition differences will be challenging to deconflict for the research community. Many of the USG definitions were determined following significant interagency discussions directed by Congress and informed by the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, public comment, and other expert input. o This could result in delays to critical biosurveillance efforts such as COVID-19 testing, H5N1 monitoring, and detection of emerging outbreaks of Ebola and other diseases. It could also result in delays for development of vaccines, therapeutics, and biomedical, agricultural, and other life sciences research writ large (including research that is not associated with pathogens or toxins and raises no identified national security threats, such as cancer research). o If the statute only provided the board the responsibility to review federally-funded research involving DURC and PEPP, as defined in the DURC/PEPP policy, it would ensure oversight resources are used most efficiently to assess and mitigate risks to the public while avoiding unintended negative consequences for the nation's biomedical enterprise. We believe this is the intent of the bill but as written the definitions are not harmonized. (We recommend other definitions in the text be aligned to current U.S. Government policy, including "life sciences research.") o We recommend that the definitions and scope of review be fully harmonized with the DURC/PEPP policy and not include a separate list of pathogens. o A large amount of scientific research involves gain or loss of function; it's a fundamental process in science. For example, some types of immune therapy cause the immune system to gain function to fight against a disease. Unfortunately, the term "gain of function" has often being misconstrued to suggest all research that causes a gain of function is highly risky, which is inaccurate. In fact, most research involving a GOF does not confer significant additional risk or require additional oversight. NIH does not define the term GOF and current federal policy does not define or operationalize the term. The research that requires strict oversight involves enhancing the transmissibility and/or virulence of a pathogen such that it would pose an increased pandemic potential in humans. The USG policy on oversight of DURC and PEPP (effective May 2025) also does not use the term GOF when describing research that requires additional oversight because of its higher risk. As it appears the intent of the term "GOF" in this bill is to refer specially to research that has the potential to enhance the transmissibility or virulence of a potential pandemic pathogen, for clarity we would recommend the use of the term "pathogen with enhanced pandemic potential" in the 2024 OSTP policy that addresses this type of research, as well as it's associated definition. This would help to avoid the ongoing confusion surrounding the term GOF. · Board processes and makeup: While biosafety expertise is now included, the makeup and processes of the board could introduce a number of issues. For example, the limitations on prior federal service and