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You use the measurement as feedback to make adjustments. I think a lot of efforts fail because they don't focus on the right measure or they don't invest enough in doing it accurately. T think the best example of picking an important goal and using measurement to achieve it is the vaccination work UNICEF did under Jim Grant's leadership in the 1980s. Few people may have heard of Grant, but his impact on the world was as significant as any profit-driven leader like a Henry Ford or Thomas Watson. Grant set an ambitious goal of getting lifesaving vaccines out to 80 percent of children worldwide. This wasn't easy in poor countries at a time when the fax machine was the most advanced communication tool. But once Grant put a As head of UNICEF in the 1980s, Jim Grant sparked a global effort to increase the number of children vaccinated against deadly diseases. Here, he is holding a boy separated from his parents during the 1994 genocide (Nyamata, Rwanda, 1994). robust data-gathering system in place, he was able to drive change. He could see which countries were successful in increasing their vaccination coverage rates and used that data to help other countries to do the same. The countries that were falling behind were embarrassed, and they focused more resources and attention on the problem than they would have without the data. Thanks to Grant' efforts and thousands of vaccinators, the percentage of infants worldwide receiving necessary vaccines rose from 17 percent in 1980 to 75 percent in 1990, saving millions of lives every year. Immunization Coverage Rising Over the past three decades, growing numbers of children have received the diphtheria-tetanuspertussis vaccine, which guards against three deadly diseases and is a strong indicator of overall vaccine coverage. 100 -- i Percentage of immuntzation rate -- SOURCE: Global Health Observatory & World Health Organization 2013 Annual Letter from Bill Gates