Gates Package — page 329

o Results from early collaborations in two Grand Challenges Explorations topics related to contraceptive research and development for either men or women anticipated in 2018 and 2019. ▪ Successful projects may be integrated into a small, focused program ▪ Research resulting from these awards is expected to have a large positive impact on the quality of applications to the NIH in the near-term future • Indoor air pollution o Jointly launched RCT of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstoves and fuel in four LMICs (India, Rwanda, Guatemala and Peru). o First large-scale trial to investigate whether home use of cookstoves that run on LPG improve air quality sufficiently to offer measurable health benefits. o Enrollment began February 1, 2018. o Increased BMGF interest in endpoint of severe pneumonia confirmed by the study team with consolidations in the lungs and/or hypoxemia is leading to potential new designs, including proceeding with the trial as initially proposed, and in parallel, developing local pneumonia surveillance systems in the same localities.