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red vaccines to protect against tion lasts for decades, timerld needs large-scale manufacturing ictories sustainable by inventing solve the cold chain problem, make it less painful to get a vaccine, and allow people to vaccinate themselves. The technology is being finalized for a measles vaccine, but a lot of work remains to make it cheap, and high volume. Other promising ideas include mucosally-delivered vaccines to protect against infection and transmission, vaccines whose protection lasts for decades, timerelease vaccines that are given in a single shot and eliminate the need for follow-up doses, and combination vaccines that work against multiple pathogens (a combined flu-and-COVID shot, for example). Get ready to make lots of doses fast. The world needs large-scale manufacturing capacity--enough to provide everyone on the planet all the necessary doses of a new vaccine within six months of creating it. During COVID, when countries that make lots of vaccines were hit hard by the pandemic, they restricted exports of their vaccines to make sure they had enough for their own people. The world's interest, though, is in vaccinating everyone, so we'll need to account for this complicating factor by investing in more manufacturing capacity and in innovations that make it easier to do technology transfers and second sourcing. Other steps include research to drive down the cost of vaccines and standing upmaking new factories sustainable by inventing vaccines for them to produce when there isn't a pandemic threat. With the right investments, the world can create vaccines for TB, HIV, and malaria, use new factories to make them when there isn't a pandemic threatening, and stockpile extra doses so we won't run out when they have to switch to vaccines for a new pathogen.