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or a single-use plastic bag--but the supplies of both are limited. Early in the pandemic, bioreactors were bought up en masse by various companies hoping for an early breakthrough. If you couldn't find toilet paper at the store, you know how they felt. Next, you'll mix your vaccine with other things to make it more effective or stable. If it's an mRNA vaccine, you'll need a lipid. If it's another type, you might need what's known as an adjuvant, a substance that sets off red alerts in your immune system and shouts: "Hey, come look at this new shape over here! You'd better learn to attack it." Believe it or not, one of the most effective adjuvants in the world is derived from the inner bark from the Chilean soapbark tree. Unfortunately, these trees are relatively rare, so your manufacturing may be held up while you stand in line for your allotment of bark. In the future, we need to be able to make synthetic versions of adjuvants so we can scale up manufacturing quickly. Finally, you'll need to pour your doses into vials. You'll need sterile, highly precise equipment, and each part of the vials you use will have to meet exacting specifications, down to the type of glass and stopper. (At one point during COVID, there were fears that the world would run out of the high-grade sand used to make the necessary glass.) You'll need to label your vials according to rules set by the country in which you'll sell it, including which