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2. NIAID, in addition to the work it is doing in partnership with FNIH, is involved in the following activities with the support of the BMGF: • Testing whether "unnatural immunity" (antibodies that are not generated in natural infection) against structures that form a capsule uniquely on the surface of infecting Leishmania promastigotes can prevent infection in the mammalian host, as well as block the development of infectious promastigotes in the sandfly vector (~$310K) • Working to produce additional amounts of HIV clade C gp145 envelope protein, for use as a research reagent and potential HIV vaccine immunogen. Additional protein would be produced at a reduced cost and shortened development time due to the decrease in the number of production runs and associated release and stability testing ($2.9M) • NIAID is also involved as a sub-grantee on the following BMGF-funded projects: o Application of clinical imaging modalities to tuberculosis treatment and transmissions: whole body imaging technology as a means of facilitating development of new drugs that may shorten chemotherapy duration. ($5M, University of Pittsburg) o Coordinating and administering collaborative research in chemistry and microbiology for advancement of new TB medicines ($690K, Infectious Disease Research Institute) o Ascertaining the adjuvant effects, when combined with HIV/SIV immunogens, on innate/adaptive immunity in tissue sites and on protection from SIV challenge using the in vivo macaque model (~614K, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center) o Supporting development of biomarkers for TB that can be used in treatment evaluation and disease diagnosis (~893K, Catalysis Foundation) o Assessing neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1 in human clinical trials in a Good Clinical Laboratory Practices (GCLP) compliant manner and working on developing a second generation broadly neutralizing antibody product to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans through participation in the CAVD/Comprehensive Antibody Vaccine Immune Monitoring Consortium (CAVIMC) ($1.42M, Duke University) o Working in Cameroon to develop and test a strategy to extend mass drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis and hyperendemic onchocerciasis to areas endemic for loiasis ($324K, Institut Bouisson Bertrand) o Screening 80,000 diversity-oriented synthesis (DDS) molecules against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and developing a whole body imaging technology as a means of facilitating development of new drugs that may shorten the duration of chemotherapy in patients with TB ($110K, Broad Institute) o Working to develop a global HIV-1 incidence assay through determination of cellassociated viral load in CD4 T cells ($130K, Duke University) 3. NICHD has done extensive global work with the support of the BMGF.